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Back vowel
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Back vowels are a class of sound used in spoken that are produced when the tongue is positioned toward the back of the mouth. Back vowels appear in most of the world's languages, with u and o being present in 88% and 60% of languages according to .

Back vowels are typically , meaning that the lips are engaged while speakers are producing them, but can be unrounded as well. This is because languages want to maximize the degree of contrast between vowels.

(1986). 9780125249409, Acad. Pr.
Rounding has the effect of bringing a vowel further back in the mouth, so across the world's languages, it's more common for back vowels to be rounded than unrounded, and for front vowels to be unrounded rather than rounded.
(2026). 9781405191036, Wiley-Blackwell.
This is reflected in the position of unrounded back vowels on the IPA vowel chart. They are written to the left of the unrounded front vowels to note that they are typically centralized.


Articulation
In their articulation, back vowels do not form a single category, but may be either such as or such as .Scott Moisik, Ewa Czaykowska-Higgins, & John H. Esling (2012) "The Epilaryngeal Articulator: A New Conceptual Tool for Understanding Lingual-Laryngeal Contrasts"


Partial list
The back vowels that have dedicated symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

  • close back unrounded vowel
  • close back protruded vowel
  • near-close back protruded vowel
  • close-mid back unrounded vowel
  • close-mid back protruded vowel
  • open-mid back unrounded vowel
  • open-mid back rounded vowel
  • open back unrounded vowel
  • open back rounded vowel

There also are back vowels that do not have dedicated symbols in the IPA:

  • close back compressed vowel or
  • near-close back unrounded vowel or
  • near-close back compressed vowel or
  • close-mid back compressed vowel or
  • mid back unrounded vowel or
  • mid back rounded vowel or

As here, other back vowels can be transcribed with diacritics of relative articulation applied to letters for neighboring vowels, such as , or for a near-close back rounded vowel.


See also

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